—— PROUCTS LIST
工業X射線探傷機的研究進展
工業(ye)X射(she)線(xian)探傷機的研(yan)究進展
在工(gong)業(ye)探(tan)傷上,X射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)是利(li)用X射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)中(zhong)高(gao)速(su)(su)度電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)去撞(zhuang)擊陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)靶,電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)運動突然(ran)被陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)靶制止,其動能大部(bu)(bu)分轉(zhuan)變為熱能,一小部(bu)(bu)分變為X射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)能。X射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)是用來產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)X射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)一種(zhong)真空(kong)二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)。其陰(yin)(yin)極(ji)(ji)(燈絲)用來產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)。在陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)與陰(yin)(yin)極(ji)(ji)間加(jia)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)由于陽(yang)*電(dian)(dian)(dian)位的(de)吸引,即以高(gao)速(su)(su)向陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)靶撞(zhuang)擊,從(cong)而產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)X射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)。X射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)的(de)高(gao)速(su)(su)運動是利(li)用陽(yang)、陰(yin)(yin)極(ji)(ji)間的(de)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)形(xing)成的(de)。X射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)兩級的(de)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是由于高(gao)壓(ya)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)器(主要由高(gao)壓(ya)變壓(ya)器等組成)供給的(de)。高(gao)壓(ya)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)器一般(ban)要浸在絕(jue)緣油里工(gong)作。目前工(gong)業(ye)上采用的(de)X射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)機zui大為420千(qian)伏。如欲(yu)獲得高(gao)能X射(she)線(xian)(xian)(xian)可采用加(jia)速(su)(su)器,在探(tan)傷上應用直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)加(jia)速(su)(su)器越來越多。
- 工(gong)業X射線探傷機加速器的趨勢分析(xi)
zui近十(shi)(shi)多年(nian)(nian)來,世界上射線(xian)(xian)探(tan)傷(shang)機(ji)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)發展十(shi)(shi)分迅(xun)速(su)(su)。一(yi)方面(mian)工業發達國家擁有的(de)探(tan)傷(shang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)臺數迅(xun)增(zeng),另一(yi)方是(shi)探(tan)傷(shang)機(ji)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)性能(neng),特別是(shi)在(zai)小(xiao)型化(hua)和(he)可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性方面(mian),也取(qu)(qu)得了顯著地進展。已(yi)由過去的(de)好幾噸重減輕到幾百公斤(jin),甚至只(zhi)有幾十(shi)(shi)公斤(jin),某些(xie)小(xiao)型駐波電(dian)(dian)子(zi)直線(xian)(xian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠(kao)(kao)地工作十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)以上。一(yi)般探(tan)傷(shang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),包括(kuo)高壓加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(分共振(zhen)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi))、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)感應加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)直線(xian)(xian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)迥轉(zhuan)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)四種。目前,已(yi)被電(dian)(dian)子(zi)直線(xian)(xian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所取(qu)(qu)代。當(dang)前世界上主要探(tan)傷(shang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)已(yi)系列(lie)化(hua)、商品化(hua),特別是(shi)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)直線(xian)(xian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),在(zai)高能(neng)射線(xian)(xian)探(tan)傷(shang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)能(neng)量范圍內(nei),可(ke)(ke)(ke)輸出很強(qiang)的(de)X射線(xian)(xian),已(yi)能(neng)滿(man)足一(yi)般探(tan)傷(shang)的(de)需要,故已(yi)基本定(ding)型。探(tan)傷(shang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)發展趨勢(已(yi)駐波電(dian)(dian)子(zi)直線(xian)(xian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為代表(biao)),主要是(shi)完(wan)善和(he)提(ti)高實(shi)用(yong)能(neng)力和(he)性能(neng),力爭把高靈(ling)敏度(du),高生產率,經濟性和(he)通(tong)用(yong)性有機(ji)地結(jie)合起來,即趨向(xiang)小(xiao)型化(hua)、高可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性,產壽命,低成(cheng)本。
- 小型化
zui近十多年來,小型化取得(de)了(le)(le)重大發展。由于采(cai)用邊(bian)耦合的駐波電(dian)子(zi)(zi)直線(xian)加速(su)器(qi),是原來的行政電(dian)子(zi)(zi)直線(xian)加速(su)器(qi)輻射(she)源體積(ji)、重量級(ji)電(dian)源功(gong)率都分別減小了(le)(le)50%以上,另外,由于采(cai)用5cm或3cm隨(sui)波長(chang)的微波功(gong)率代(dai)替了(le)(le)原來的10cm波源,其加速(su)器(qi)的結構尺寸變(bian)小,體積(ji)重量也減小。
- 高可靠性長壽命(ming)
影(ying)響(xiang)使(shi)用(yong)壽命的(de)(de)(de)主要因(yin)素是(shi)管(guan)(guan)內真(zhen)空(kong)、陰極及其熱(re)電(dian)子(zi);影(ying)響(xiang)可靠性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)主要因(yin)素是(shi)管(guan)(guan)子(zi)真(zhen)空(kong)度、電(dian)路(lu)工作狀態、電(dian)子(zi)能(neng)量(liang)和輸出(chu)X射線(xian)強度的(de)(de)(de)波動(dong)。因(yin)此(ci),采(cai)用(yong)了(le)全金屬-陶(tao)瓷(ci)全密封(feng)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)速管(guan)(guan)結構,通過高溫(wen)釬焊或氬弧焊等電(dian)真(zhen)空(kong)工藝連(lian)接成(cheng)不(bu)可拆卸的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)漏氣的(de)(de)(de)整體,并(bing)采(cai)用(yong)無油超高真(zhen)空(kong)排氣技術(shu)和長時間高溫(wen)烘烤(kao)工藝以*去氣排氣,采(cai)用(yong)固體電(dian)路(lu)或集成(cheng)電(dian)路(lu)標準插件板。另外采(cai)用(yong)鎖相(xiang)自(zi)動(dong)頻(pin)率(lv)控(kong)制(zhi)系統可以試磁控(kong)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)工作頻(pin)率(lv)總是(shi)等于(自(zi)動(dong)跟蹤)加(jia)速管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)諧振(zhen)頻(pin)率(lv),使(shi)機器(qi)處于*工作狀態,大大減小了(le)有關性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)波動(dong),使(shi)可靠性(xing)提高。
- 簡化結構降低(di)成本
雖然邊耦合駐波加(jia)速結構性能良好,但結構復雜(za)。目前,世(shi)界各國都力圖采用多種(zhong)方案來(lai)簡化結構降(jiang)低成本。日本三(san)菱研(yan)究(jiu)了單周(zhou)期π模駐波加(jia)速結構,但工作還(huan)不夠穩定。
- X射線探傷機的發(fa)展趨勢
- 為(wei)了便于攜帶,就(jiu)要求這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)類(lei)探傷(shang)機(ji)向重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)輕(qing)、體(ti)積小(xiao)、使用(yong)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)等(deng)方面發(fa)展,目(mu)前(qian)主(zhu)要采(cai)(cai)用(yong)如下措(cuo)施來減(jian)(jian)輕(qing)重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)。縮(suo)(suo)小(xiao)X射(she)(she)線(xian)管尺寸,如采(cai)(cai)用(yong)金屬陶瓷X射(she)(she)線(xian)管;僅(jin)在(zai)X射(she)(she)線(xian)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)放射(she)(she)線(xian)窗口附近局部(bu)襯(chen)鉛;在(zai)玻璃X射(she)(she)線(xian)管外殼(ke)上(shang)包裝(zhuang)特殊(shu)皺(zhou)紋紙,可(ke)(ke)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性(xing),但缺點是(shi)影響散熱,X射(she)(she)線(xian)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內充以六氟化(hua)硫等(deng)氣體(ti)代替(ti)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)油。提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)頻(pin)率,來提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)X射(she)(she)線(xian)管的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)頻(pin)率,而(er)減(jian)(jian)輕(qing)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)。目(mu)前(qian)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)把工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)頻(pin)率從50-60Hz提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)到400-800Hz,也有(you)將一(yi)般(ban)(ban)工(gong)(gong)頻(pin)電(dian)源(yuan)通過(guo)操(cao)縱(zong)臺變(bian)(bian)換成矩形(xing)脈(mo)沖波后加給(gei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),利用(yong)脈(mo)沖波的(de)(de)多次(ci)諧振可(ke)(ke)相當(dang)于提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)頻(pin)率,可(ke)(ke)以減(jian)(jian)輕(qing)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)繞組的(de)(de)尺寸大(da)為(wei)縮(suo)(suo)小(xiao),并根據要求來選用(yong)壓片的(de)(de)數量(liang)(liang),這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣X射(she)(she)線(xian)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)和(he)體(ti)積大(da)大(da)減(jian)(jian)輕(qing)和(he)縮(suo)(suo)小(xiao)。采(cai)(cai)用(yong)上(shang)述措(cuo)施改(gai)進的(de)(de)X射(she)(she)線(xian)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),其重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)顯著減(jian)(jian)小(xiao)。對這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)類(lei)X射(she)(she)線(xian)探傷(shang)機(ji)的(de)(de)操(cao)作(zuo)臺一(yi)般(ban)(ban)都(dou)有(you)半(ban)自動曝光參數預(yu)選裝(zhuang)置,有(you)的(de)(de)還(huan)有(you)波形(xing)變(bian)(bian)換裝(zhuang)置,電(dian)路比(bi)較復雜。目(mu)前(qian)已用(yong)集(ji)成組件代替(ti)其復雜電(dian)路和(he)大(da)型部(bu)件,操(cao)縱(zong)臺的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)(liang)和(he)體(ti)積都(dou)大(da)大(da)的(de)(de)減(jian)(jian)小(xiao),一(yi)般(ban)(ban)為(wei)10kg。為(wei)了提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)其操(cao)縱(zong)臺的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性(xing),目(mu)前(qian)對操(cao)縱(zong)臺采(cai)(cai)用(yong)優化(hua)設計,使用(yong)微機(ji)系統進行(xing)控制(zhi)和(he)計量(liang)(liang),大(da)大(da)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)了可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)和(he)準確性(xing)。
- 移動式X射線探傷(shang)機
移(yi)動(dong)(dong)式(shi)X射線(xian)探(tan)傷機主要向(xiang)(xiang)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)和(he)高可靠性方向(xiang)(xiang)發展。目前(qian)我國已有50-40kV的(de)(de)(de)(de)定向(xiang)(xiang)和(he)周向(xiang)(xiang)照射的(de)(de)(de)(de)系列化(hua)(hua)產品。為了實現(xian)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)和(he)高可靠性,一(yi)般(ban)都采(cai)用了恒壓、穩流(liu)和(he)完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)保護裝置(zhi)。采(cai)用插(cha)件(jian)控(kong)制(zhi),插(cha)件(jian)上(shang)規定了各種(zhong)要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)曝光參數,插(cha)件(jian)被(bei)插(cha)入操縱臺(tai)插(cha)口上(shang),并與(yu)機械手(shou)和(he)傳送帶(dai)相配合(he),可實現(xian)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)、自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)檢查和(he)分選。該公司還配有自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)取放膠(jiao)片(pian)(pian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機械手(shou)和(he)打(da)號(hao)機構,并已制(zhi)成了一(yi)種(zhong)500mm×120mm×8mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)軟墊狀電(dian)離(li)室,進行(xing)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)曝光,它的(de)(de)(de)(de)背面有厚度(du)為1mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛萡,以(yi)防外(wai)來(lai)(lai)射線(xian)。使(shi)用時(shi)放在被(bei)透(tou)照沖背面膠(jiao)片(pian)(pian)外(wai)側,測量(liang)透(tou)照時(shi)透(tou)過膠(jiao)片(pian)(pian)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)X射線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)劑量(liang),達到一(yi)定數值后即可自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)切斷X射線(xian)管電(dian)壓。這樣可以(yi)有效地控(kong)制(zhi)曝光時(shi)間,保證(zheng)底片(pian)(pian)黑度(du)均勻。還可以(yi)根據(ju)被(bei)透(tou)射材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)品種(zhong)和(he)厚度(du),來(lai)(lai)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)(dong)調(diao)節管電(dian)壓。